ISLAMIC RULERS OF INDIA NEED NO GLORIFICATION.. THEY WERE FUNDAMENTALITS SADDISTS AND TEMPLE DESTROYERS TO THE CORE
PART III
Dr K Prabhakar Rao
3. DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES, BOOKS, LIBRARIES, ART, SCULPTURES.
Scores of wonderful temples were constructed in ancient India throughout the length and breadth of the land and foreign visitors were wonderstruck at their sight. Temples were constructed by Rashtrakoota kings carving out the rocky mountains such as in Ajanta and Ellora in Maharshtra. Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in south India has many magnificent temples constructed by the Pandyan and Chola and Hoyasala rulers and Badami Chalukyas. In Andhra Pradesh most of the famous temples were constructed by the Eastern, and Kalyani Chaulkya kings and Kakateeya kings and Naika kings. In Kalinga famous temples were constructed at Bhubaneswar, Puri and Konark. Chandela Rajput kings built famous Khajuraho temples.At Mount Abu jain temples stand gloriously. All these temples are architectural marvels. These temples stand even today inspite of determined and sustained vandalism by the Muslim rulers throughout their rule. In all these temples we find idols with broken limbs, damaged faces, severed breasts and elephants sculptures with severed tusks and nostrils.
Islam abhors idol worship and prescribes that all infidels are dwellers of hell and should be put to sword or converted.. Islam invaded India by the sword and hardy warriors of Islam determined to spread their faith conquered all Middle East countries and eradicated the existing societies in such lands and Islam flourished in all such places. Afghnaistan was earlier known as Gandhara and was more or less a Buddhist state that preached universal peace and non violence. The Buddhists were massacred to the end and the country turned into an Islamic state soon. Afghanistan too had many Buddhist temples and sculptures which were destroyed and defaced. Bamiyan Buddhas on silk route stand even today that are more than 2000 years old. How saddening it is that these innocent Bamiyan Buddhas were damaged by the Taliban fundamentalists in recent times while in power by firing field guns at them! The evil act was done inspite of condemnation by world leaders. Thus temple destruction by the Islamic rulers in the past thus need no further proof after the recent Bamiyan Buddha destruction at the hands of Taliban which is within every ones memory. However it is worthwhile to record such gory happenings in the past in India. The destruction of temples can be divided between various periods as under. The pseudo secular leaders running Mulsim vote bank ask what can be achieved now by discussing about the past events. Most of these leaders are ignorant of our history and have risen to higher positions through criminalized politics. Destruction of Hindu temples can be grouped during various periods as under :-
a. Destruction during Invasion of Mohammed Ghaznavi
b. Destruction during invasion of Mohammed Ghori
c. Destruction by Slave sultans
d. Destruction by sultans of Khilji dynasty
e. Destruction by sultans of dynasty of Tughlaqs.
f. Destruction by the sultans of Sayyad and Lodi dynasty
g. Destruction by Baber during invasion
h. Destruction by Mughal rulers up to Aurangzeb
i. Destruction by provincial rulers at Ahmedabad in Gujrat
j. Destruction by provincial Khilji rulers at Mandoo ( Malwa)
k. Destruction by Bengal Nawabs in Orissa
l. Destruction by Bhamani sultans ( Gulbarga and Bidar) in South India
m. Destruction by Deccani sultans at Bijapur, Golconda, Berar, Ahmednagar and Bidar individually
n. Destruction by Combined armies of Deccani sultans at Vijaynagar and Hampi
o. Destruction by Hyder Ali and his successors ruling at Mysore
p. Destruction by Karnatic Nawabs
q. Destruction by Asifjahis
r. Destruction by Razakars.1948
DESTRUCTION OF SOMNATH TEMPLE BY MOHD GHAZNAVI
Although Mohd Bin Kasim invaded Sindh provinces in 707, there was some respite till the arrival of Mohd Ghaznavi who invaded in 11 th century with intention of loot and plunder apart from spreading the faith. The most important Somnath Temple in Gujrat was the richest and holiest Jyothirlinga shrine in India and it’s fame spread everywhere. Obviously the evil eyes of the invader fell on it. However he invaded other provinces let loosing destruction of smaller temples before arriving at Somnath temple. Hindus put up stiff resistance to protect Somanth, but were defeated. They even pleaded with Ghaznavi not destroy the idol and could take any amount of gold. But Ghaznavi said that he would not like to go down in history as idol bargainer and would prefer to be idol destroyer. He broke the Linga into many pieces and took the stones away to Kabul where he spread these stones on the steps of a mosque where everyday thousands would be stepping on them and feeling elated. The evil acts have been recorded by his secretary Utbi in his Tarikh-i-Yamini (1 ).
Some foolish Hindus thought that Lord Shiva would destroy the Mlechas by opening his third eye and nothing of that sort happened. Lord Shiva looked on helplessly while the Linga was made to pulp. In Kaliyuga still many years are left and divine intervention can not take place now for ultimate destruction of the wicked. Fact remained that Somanath became the victim several times. Every time it was rebuilt it was destroyed by Muslim rulers. Aurangzeb destroyed it for the last time and it remained in ruins till Sardar Patelji got it reconstructed after independence much against the will of his colleague Jawaharlal Nehru the PM of the country and it was also inaugurated by Babu Dr Rajendra Prasad to the much displeasure of Nehruji. But for Patelji this shrine would have still remained in ruins mocking at us. It is also a fact that Nehruji gave a clean chit to Ghaznavi in his book “Discovery of India” in which he strangely discovered that looter and abductor and killer Mahmood Ghaznavi came to India only to loot and plunder, and he was not communal and a fundamentalist. Mohd Ghaznavi carried away tonnes of gold and valuables over camels to Kabul leaving trail of death, shame and misery. As usual , women were carried away, raped, men were slaughtered and scores of women and children were taken away as slaves to be sold in Arab countries and to satisfy lust of the devils. One should realize that Somnatha temple was repeatedly destroyed by various sultans. Whenever it was destroyed Hindus rebuilt it and soon sultans destroyed it with vengeance. It continued several times till the rule of Aurangzeb of Mughal empire and it remained in ruins till India gained independence. This goes to prove that there was no religious tolerance although pseudo secular writers claim that all was well and Muslim sultans were mostly tolerant. But no one explains why this temple was repeatedly destroyed by them.
DESTRUCTION AT MATHURA
Mathura is a very pious place for Hindus and is associated with Lord Krishnas life. It is Lord Krishna’s birth place. He was born in a prison where his mother and father were imprisoned by his maternal uncle Kamsa so that he could be killed immediately after his birth. It is on the banks of Yamuna river. Many holy shrines with excellent sculpture are built there and is a renowned pilgrim center. Mahmuds Ghaznavi’s Armies attacked Mathura in 1015and vandalized the place. Beautiful sculptures were defaced and broken and they stare at us today and mock at our inability to protect them. . According to his secretary Utbi, "The Sultan gave orders that all the temples should be burnt with naptha and fire, and levelled with the ground." The pillage of the city continued for 20 days. Mahmud now turned towards Kanauj which had been the seat of several Hindu dynasties (1) Huge quantity of gold, silver and other valuables were looted by the invading thug called Ghaznavi from Kabul.
Utbi continues: "In Kanauj there were nearly ten thousand temples... Many of the inhabitants of the place fled in consequence of witnessing the fate of their deaf and dumb idols. ."
DESTRUCTION BY MOHD GHORI AND KUTUBUDDIN AIBAK
Mahmud was followed by Mohammed Ghori in 12 century.According the Taj-ul-Ma'sir of Hasan Nizami, "While the Sultan Mohammed Ghori remained at Ajmer, he destroyed the pillars and foundations of the idol temples and built in their place mosques and colleges and precepts of Islam, Mohammed Ghori also invaded and damaged temples at Khajuraho in todays Madhya Pradesh built by Chnadela Rajputs. Mohad Ghori left India after handing over the provinces to be ruled by Kutubuddin Aibek his slave General. In 1194AD his governor ( slave) Kutubuddin Aibak destroyed 27 Hindu temples at Delhi and built the Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque with their debris. This can be seen even today. The pillars and lintels are from Hindu temples According to Nizami, Aibak "adorned it with the stones and gold obtained from the temples which had been demolished by elephants".In 1194 he got 1000 temples destroyed in Varanasi. In 1196 AD he advanced against Anahilwar Patan, the capital of Gujarat. Nizami writes that after Raja Karan was defeated and forced to flee, "fifty thousand infidels were dispatched to hell by the sword" and "more than twenty thousand slaves, and cattle beyond all calculation fell into the hands of the victors".
The city was sacked, its temples demolished, and its palaces plundered. On his return to Ajmer, Aibak destroyed the Sanskrit College of Visaladeva, and laid the foundations of a mosque which came to be known as 'Adhai Din ka Jhompada'. A free-lance adventurer, Muhammad Bakhtyar Khalji, was moving further east. In 1200 AD he sacked the undefended university town of Odantpuri in Bihar and massacred the Buddhist monks in the monasteries. In 1202 AD he took Nadiya by surprise. Badauni records in his Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh that "property and booty beyond computation fell into the hands of the Muslims and Muhammad Bakhtyar having destroyed the places of worship and idol temples of the infidels founded mosques and Khanqahs".
DESTRUCTION BY SULTAN ILTAMISH
Shamsuddin Iltutmish who succeeded Kutubuddin Aibak at Delhi invaded Malwa in 1234 AD. He destroyed an ancient temple at Vidisha. Badauni reports in his 'Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh':
"Having destroyed the idol temple of Ujjain which had been built six hundred years previously, and was called Mahakal ( Jyothirlinga), he levelled it to its foundations, and threw down the image of Rai Vikramajit ( Vikramaditya) from whom the Hindus reckon their era, and brought certain images of cast molten brass and placed them on the ground in front of the doors of mosques of old Delhi, and ordered the people of trample them under foot. Yet Hinduism did not disappear and spirit of Hindus could not be erased..
DESTRUCTION BY KHILJIS
" Jalaluddin Khalji led an expedition to Ranthambhor in 1291 AD. On the way he destroyed Hindu temples at Chain. The broken idols were sent to Delhi to be spread before the gates of the Jama Masjid. His nephew Alauddin became Sultan in 1296 AD after murdering his uncle and father-in-law, Jalaluddin. In 1298 AD he equipped an expedition to Gujarat under his generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan. The invaders plundered the ports of Surat and Cambay. The temple of Somnath, which had been rebuilt by the Hindus, was plundered again and the idol taken to Delhi for being trodden upon by the Muslims. Allauddin sent his slave eunuch general Malik kafur to invade south India. He invaded south Indian kingdoms for the first times at Devagiri ( Yadavas) and Warangal ( Kakateeyas) and Dwara Samudram (Hoyasala) in Karnataka territory. He caused immense damage to the temples in South India that can be seen even today. Not a single temple has been left by his armies.
DESTRUCTION BY TUGHLAQS
He was followed by Mohd Bin Tughlaq who conquered the south Indian kingdoms and annexed the territories. Entire south India came under his control. He established an Islamic state Mabar in Madura which later became independent. It was however annexed by Vijaynagar later. All temples in south India were pillaged and damaged. Temples at Warangal and in Pandyan territory were vandalized. Similarly temples at Halebid in Dwrasamudram were vandalized., Later Firuz Shah Tughlaq led an expedition to Orissa in 1360 AD. He destroyed the temple of Jagannath at Puri, and desecrated many other Hindu shrines. According to 'Sirat-i-Firoz Shahi' which he himself wrote or dictated ( C),
"Allah who is the only true God and has no other emanation, endowed the king of Islam with the strength to destroy this ancient shrine on the eastern sea-coast and to plunge it into the sea, and after its destruction he ordered the image of Jagannath to be perforated, and disgraced it by casting it down on the ground. They dug out other idols which were worshipped by the polytheists in the kingdom of Jajnagar and overthrew them as they did the image of Jagannath, for being laid in front of the mosques along the path of the Sunnis and the way of the 'musallis' (Muslim congregation for namaz) and stretched them in front of the portals of every mosque, so that the body and sides of the images might be trampled at the time of ascent and descent, entrance and exit, by the shoes on the feet of the Muslims."
Still more horrible scenes were enacted by Firuz Shah Tughlaq at Nagarkot (Kangra) where he sacked the shrine of Jvalamukhi. Firishta records that the Sultan "broke the idols of Jvalamukhi, mixed their fragments with the flesh of cows and hung them in nose bags round the necks of Brahmins. He sent the principal idol as trophy to Medina." Muzzaffar Khan the new Governor of Gujrat became independent after the death of the Delhi Sultan and assumed the title of Muzzaffar Shah in 1392 AD. Next year he led an expedition to Somnath and sacked the temple which the Hindus had built once again. He killed many Hindus to chastise them for this "impudence," and raised a mosque on the site of the ancient temple. The Hindus, however, restarted restoring the temple soon after. In 1401 AD Muzaffar came back with a huge army. He again killed many Hindus, demolished the temple once more, and erected another mosque. These incidents reveal that Somnath temple was the prime target of Muslims as Hindus revered it most. In 1376 Feroz Shah invaded Varanasi and ordered that 100 temples be demolished and it was done promptly by the fundamnetalists.He also carried away great amount of wealth that was looted from the city.
Mahmud Khalji of Malwa (1436-69 AD) a provincial ruler also destroyed Hindu temples and built mosques on their sites. He heaped many more insults on the Hindus. Ilyas Shah of Bengal (1339-1379 AD) invaded Nepal and destroyed the temple of Svayambhunath at Kathmandu. He also invaded Orissa, demolished many temples, and plundered many places. The Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga and Bidar considered it meritorious to kill a hundred thousand Hindu men, women, and children every year. They demolished and desecrated temples all over South India.
The climax came during the invasion of Timur in 1399 AD. He starts by quoting the Quran in his Tuzk-i-Timuri: "O Prophet, make war upon the infidels and unbelievers, and treat them severely."
He continues: "My great object in invading Hindustan had been to wage a religious war against the infidel Hindus...[so that] the army of Islam might gain something by plundering the wealth and valuables of the Hindus." To start with he stormed the fort of Kator on the border of Kashmir. He ordered his soldiers "to kill all the men, to make prisoners of women and children, and to plunder and lay waste all their property". Next, he "directed towers to be built on the mountain of the skulls of those obstinate unbelievers". Soon after, he laid siege to Bhatnir defended by Rajputs. They surrendered after some fight, and were pardoned. But Islam did not bind Timur to keep his word given to the "unbelievers". His Tuzk-i-Timuri records:
"In a short space of time all the people in the fort were put to the sword, and in the course of one hour the heads of 10,000 infidels were cut off. The sword of Islam was washed in the blood of the infidels, and all the goods and effects, the treasure and the grain which for many a long year had been stored in the fort became the spoil of my soldiers. They set fire to the houses and reduced them to ashes, and they razed the buildings and the fort to the ground."
DESTRUCTION BY SAYYADS AND LODIS
They were no different and Sikandar Lodi has gone down the history as the most perverted and fundamentalist ruler. He persecuted Hindus and destroyed temples. In 1496 Sikandar lodi ordered that all temples in Varanasi be demolished and mosques be erected and this order was promptly carried out. A grand Temple of Vishnu built in Mathura was destroyed by Sikandar Lodi.(D)
DESTRUCTION BY BABER
Baber who invaded India at the behest of some of the enemies of Ibrahim Lodi the king at Delhi caused great devastation like mass killings, abductions etc. after every victory. Destruction of Ram Janmabhoomi at Ayodhya ( Near Faizabad) by his General Mir Baqi and construction of a mosque at the same place has been a burning cauldron since those days. Many wars were fought to regain it and many sacrificed their lives too.The dispute is not new. Ayodhya is the most scared center for Hindus as Lord Ram was born there and also ruled there. A court battle is going on from the days of partition from 1949 and the desperate crowds who waited for nearly 44 years managed to destroy the structure built at the site ( No prayers are offered my Muslims at the place) during the times of PV Narsimha Rao as PM. This led to many communal clashes in the country including Godhra Carnage and subsequent retaliation in Gujrat. At Hyderabad AIMIM party has been trying to spearhead the agitation against the incident and conducts annual protest. To keep the fire alive. Archeological survey of India also unearthed ample evidence that the site had an ancient Hindu temple and that it was pulled down before the construction of a mosque there. The demolition of the Babri structure, defunct as a mosque for 60 years, is much publicized as “fascist Hindu act.” But what is not said is that Hindus have been trying to recover Ram janmabhoomi from the day Mir Baqi, a noble of Mughal emperor Babar, imposed a mosque on it in 1528. This mosque was a memorial to humiliate the vanquished Hindus.
Tell-tale evidence excavated from around the disputed site speaks volumes about the Hindu connection. A stone slab of about 5’x2.25’ recovered from the debris on Dec. 6, 1992, records the construction of a magnificent gold-topped temple of Ram during the reign of emperor Govind Gahadwal (1114-1154 A.D.) by king Naya Chandra and Ayush Chandra. This certainly proves the presence of a temple that was demolished to make way for a mosque ( B) by the fundamentalist Baber and his General Bir Baqi in 1527.
DESTRUCTION BY EMPERROR AKBER
Although Emperor Akbar has been hailed as a great ruler, he was not free of blame. It has been recorded in Ain I Akbari that after the fall of Chitthor in Feb 1568, he ordered Mass killings of 30,000 Rajputs and got all temples destroyed. This aspect has been described in Part I of this article. His later reconciliation with Hindus as claimed by pseudo secularists does not absolve him of the sin he committed. He remained a fundamentalist by heart. Akbar was the monarch of India and during his time Kala Pahad general of Bengal nawabs invaded Orissa and caused very great devastation.Orissa has very grand and pious temples. The famous Jagannath temple is at Puri. Famous Sun temple is built at Konark. There are other famous temples such as Lingaraja and RajaRani temples at Bhubaneswar. Kalapahad immensely destroyed temples, broke the images and caused havoc. Probably he has done greatest damage to Konark temple that collapsed subsequently. If Emperor Akbar was a tolerant ruler as claimed by our pseudo historians, this vandalism should not have been allowed. Orissa never recovered from this vandalism and all the sculptures in these temples stand testimony to the intolerant Islamic invaders.
DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES BY DECCANI SULTANS AT HAMPI AND
VIJAYNAGAR
The confederation armies of Deccani sultans of Bidar, Golconda, Bijapur and Ahmednagar fought a Jihad with armies of Vijaynagar. Aliya Ramaraya the defacto emperor of Vijaynagar led the armies in ripe old age and fought the Tallikota battle in 1565. The Mulsim generals Gilani brothers of Vijaynagar army switched over sides with their troops when Hindu army was about to win. Rama Raya was captured and was beheaded by Hussein Nizam shah of Ahmed nagar instantly.Victorious Muslim armies entered the cities of Hampi and vijay nagar and stated there for full 10 months and destroyed all temples, sculptures, idols and edifices. They put the temples to fire after looting the wealth. The destructions was so immense that the cities were abandoned. They never regained their lost glory although efforts were made later . Vijaynagar kings changed capitals to other places and revived the empire that lasted another 100 years. The damages caused at these vandalized cities can be seen even today and no other proof is required for the fundamentalism and hatred of Muslims towards Hindu edifices and temples. This was done while Emperor Akbar was at the helm of affairs at Delhi and probably he turned a Nelsons eye to these happenings. If Akbar was not a fundamentalist as claimed by many historians, why he made no efforts to prevent this jihad in south by Deccani sultans against an Hindu empire as these Sultans were not monarchs and word of Mughals was a dictum everywhere except with Rana Pratap singh of Mewar.
DESTRUCTION BY EMPEROR JEHANGIR AND SHAHJEHAN
Emperor Jehangir carries the blame of vandalizing the temple of pious Jwalamukhi at Kangra after the capture of Kangra fort in Nov 1620. He also ordered that a bull be slaughtered there there by sullying the sanctity of the Hindu religious place that amply proves his character.. Jehangir also put Guru Arjun dev of Sikhs to death on the pretext of abetting his son Khusro who revolted against him. Shanhjehan was unlike his father and Akbar and was orthodax and he in 1632 issued orders that all newly built temples in his empre be demolished. In Varanasi distrct 64 temple were demolished. Records are not available for other places.
DESTRUCTION BY EMPEROR AURANGZEB
No Mughal emperor has done such great damage to Hindu temples than Aurangzeb who is remembered for his anti Hindu disposition and shady character unbecoming of an emperor. His policies resulted in destruction of his empire soon after his end. He was a staunch Sunni religious bigot and wanted to run everything as per Islamic doctrine. His orders and actions for destruction of Hindu temples are well documented. He got Somnath temple, Kashi Vishwanth temple and Mathura Krishna Temple destroyed and at Mathura and Kashi mosques have been erected at the places.
1. "Mir'at-i-Alam" by Bakhtawar Khan
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707) General Order
" ...Hindu writers have been entirely excluded from holding public offices, and ALL THE WORSHIPPING PLACES OF THE INFIDELS AND GREAT TEMPLES of these infamous people HAVE BEEN THROWN DOWN AND DESTROYED in a manner which excites astonishment at the successful completion of so difficult a task. His Majesty personally teaches the sacred kalima to many infidels with success. ... All mosques in the empire are repaired at public expens
"Alamgir-Nama" by Mirza Muhammad Kazim
This work, written in AD 1688 contains a history of the first ten years of Aurangzeb's reign.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707) Palamau (Bihar)
" ...In 1661 Aurangzeb in his zeal to uphold the law of Islam sent orders to his viceroy in Bihar, Daud Khan, to conquer Palamau. In the military operations that followed MANY TEMPLES WERE DESTROYED..."
Koch Bihar (Bengal)
" ...Towards the end of the same year when Mir Jumla made a war on the Raja of Kuch Bihar, the MUGHALS DESTROYED MANY TEMPLES during the course of their operations. IDOLS WERE BROKEN AND SOME TEMPLES WERE CONVERTED INTO MOSQUES. ..."
It is claimed that nearly 60000 to 80000 Hindu temples were destroyed by Aurangzeb in his life time. However some contest this claim and put the figure merely to 60 or 70. However these are the efforts by them to give a clean chit to the destroyer of temples. It is also claimed that he destroyed only newly built temples. But whenever he faced opposition from Hindus he destroyed an old temple to inculcate fear in them. Fact however remains that he destroyed temples and the truth is nakedly visible to the eyes. Aurangzeb who ordered that mosques be built at Kashi and Mathura by demolishing the age old shrines conclusively proves that he was after temples and their destruction in his false myth that Islam was the only religion that should stay and flourish and he was the god sent man to uphold Islam. Sadly he failed in his efforts. Although he destroyed temples to his utter satisfaction he could not kill spirit of Hindus and erase Hinduism. Shivaji Maharaj in Deccan and Guru Gobind Singh in Punjab put up very severe and stiff fight against Aurangzeb and succeeded in their mission. At last finally the Emperor died exhausted, broken, shattered, sick, pale and glaring at his failures. This is evident from his letter to his son written from his deathbed. Due to his crazy disposition and short sighted and ill conceived policies he laid firm foundation for destruction of his empire. Nobles who stood trembling in Mughal courts became king makers immediately after death of Bahadursha I and produced most incompetent rulers one after the other till the 1857 war.
Muslim invaders not only destroyed temples but also put to fire the Hindu Institutions of learning. Anything connected to Hindu faith was to be destroyed.
Indian Universities Destroyed by Muslims in Past
• Nalanda University - Buddhist learning Centre in India (4th AD to 12th AD)
• Vickramasila - Buddhist University, 800 A.C
• Odantapuri - Considered the second oldest of India's universities
• Somapura University, India
• Jagaddala University, India
• Vallabhi University, India
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebdha240.htm
Colleges destroyed by Muslims
• Sanskrit College of Visaladeva in India
CONCLUSION
Muslim rule in India ensured destruction of Hindu temples, sculptures and religious and academic Institutions. Right from the days of Mohammed Ghaznavi to Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor the Indian history makes a sad reading of persecution of Hindus everywhere. There were very few exceptions at times and these were short lived. Such destructions took place not only by the Mughals, Delhi sultans , but also by the provincial rulers at various places throughout India. On the whole Islamic rulers were tolerant to Hindu temples. There could be some exceptions. By and large they destroyed Hindu edifices as it was prescribed in Islamic scriptures.
Bibliography
1. The Magnitude of Muslim atrocities, http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/moghal_atro.html
2. List of educational Institutions destroyed by Mulsims, http://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Educational_Institutions_destroyed_by_Muslims
3. Temples defiled, http://www.hknet.org.nz/VWH-temples-defiled.html
4. .The Magnitude of Mulsim atrocities, http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/moghal_atro.html
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PART III
Dr K Prabhakar Rao
3. DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES, BOOKS, LIBRARIES, ART, SCULPTURES.
Scores of wonderful temples were constructed in ancient India throughout the length and breadth of the land and foreign visitors were wonderstruck at their sight. Temples were constructed by Rashtrakoota kings carving out the rocky mountains such as in Ajanta and Ellora in Maharshtra. Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka in south India has many magnificent temples constructed by the Pandyan and Chola and Hoyasala rulers and Badami Chalukyas. In Andhra Pradesh most of the famous temples were constructed by the Eastern, and Kalyani Chaulkya kings and Kakateeya kings and Naika kings. In Kalinga famous temples were constructed at Bhubaneswar, Puri and Konark. Chandela Rajput kings built famous Khajuraho temples.At Mount Abu jain temples stand gloriously. All these temples are architectural marvels. These temples stand even today inspite of determined and sustained vandalism by the Muslim rulers throughout their rule. In all these temples we find idols with broken limbs, damaged faces, severed breasts and elephants sculptures with severed tusks and nostrils.
Islam abhors idol worship and prescribes that all infidels are dwellers of hell and should be put to sword or converted.. Islam invaded India by the sword and hardy warriors of Islam determined to spread their faith conquered all Middle East countries and eradicated the existing societies in such lands and Islam flourished in all such places. Afghnaistan was earlier known as Gandhara and was more or less a Buddhist state that preached universal peace and non violence. The Buddhists were massacred to the end and the country turned into an Islamic state soon. Afghanistan too had many Buddhist temples and sculptures which were destroyed and defaced. Bamiyan Buddhas on silk route stand even today that are more than 2000 years old. How saddening it is that these innocent Bamiyan Buddhas were damaged by the Taliban fundamentalists in recent times while in power by firing field guns at them! The evil act was done inspite of condemnation by world leaders. Thus temple destruction by the Islamic rulers in the past thus need no further proof after the recent Bamiyan Buddha destruction at the hands of Taliban which is within every ones memory. However it is worthwhile to record such gory happenings in the past in India. The destruction of temples can be divided between various periods as under. The pseudo secular leaders running Mulsim vote bank ask what can be achieved now by discussing about the past events. Most of these leaders are ignorant of our history and have risen to higher positions through criminalized politics. Destruction of Hindu temples can be grouped during various periods as under :-
a. Destruction during Invasion of Mohammed Ghaznavi
b. Destruction during invasion of Mohammed Ghori
c. Destruction by Slave sultans
d. Destruction by sultans of Khilji dynasty
e. Destruction by sultans of dynasty of Tughlaqs.
f. Destruction by the sultans of Sayyad and Lodi dynasty
g. Destruction by Baber during invasion
h. Destruction by Mughal rulers up to Aurangzeb
i. Destruction by provincial rulers at Ahmedabad in Gujrat
j. Destruction by provincial Khilji rulers at Mandoo ( Malwa)
k. Destruction by Bengal Nawabs in Orissa
l. Destruction by Bhamani sultans ( Gulbarga and Bidar) in South India
m. Destruction by Deccani sultans at Bijapur, Golconda, Berar, Ahmednagar and Bidar individually
n. Destruction by Combined armies of Deccani sultans at Vijaynagar and Hampi
o. Destruction by Hyder Ali and his successors ruling at Mysore
p. Destruction by Karnatic Nawabs
q. Destruction by Asifjahis
r. Destruction by Razakars.1948
DESTRUCTION OF SOMNATH TEMPLE BY MOHD GHAZNAVI
Although Mohd Bin Kasim invaded Sindh provinces in 707, there was some respite till the arrival of Mohd Ghaznavi who invaded in 11 th century with intention of loot and plunder apart from spreading the faith. The most important Somnath Temple in Gujrat was the richest and holiest Jyothirlinga shrine in India and it’s fame spread everywhere. Obviously the evil eyes of the invader fell on it. However he invaded other provinces let loosing destruction of smaller temples before arriving at Somnath temple. Hindus put up stiff resistance to protect Somanth, but were defeated. They even pleaded with Ghaznavi not destroy the idol and could take any amount of gold. But Ghaznavi said that he would not like to go down in history as idol bargainer and would prefer to be idol destroyer. He broke the Linga into many pieces and took the stones away to Kabul where he spread these stones on the steps of a mosque where everyday thousands would be stepping on them and feeling elated. The evil acts have been recorded by his secretary Utbi in his Tarikh-i-Yamini (1 ).
Some foolish Hindus thought that Lord Shiva would destroy the Mlechas by opening his third eye and nothing of that sort happened. Lord Shiva looked on helplessly while the Linga was made to pulp. In Kaliyuga still many years are left and divine intervention can not take place now for ultimate destruction of the wicked. Fact remained that Somanath became the victim several times. Every time it was rebuilt it was destroyed by Muslim rulers. Aurangzeb destroyed it for the last time and it remained in ruins till Sardar Patelji got it reconstructed after independence much against the will of his colleague Jawaharlal Nehru the PM of the country and it was also inaugurated by Babu Dr Rajendra Prasad to the much displeasure of Nehruji. But for Patelji this shrine would have still remained in ruins mocking at us. It is also a fact that Nehruji gave a clean chit to Ghaznavi in his book “Discovery of India” in which he strangely discovered that looter and abductor and killer Mahmood Ghaznavi came to India only to loot and plunder, and he was not communal and a fundamentalist. Mohd Ghaznavi carried away tonnes of gold and valuables over camels to Kabul leaving trail of death, shame and misery. As usual , women were carried away, raped, men were slaughtered and scores of women and children were taken away as slaves to be sold in Arab countries and to satisfy lust of the devils. One should realize that Somnatha temple was repeatedly destroyed by various sultans. Whenever it was destroyed Hindus rebuilt it and soon sultans destroyed it with vengeance. It continued several times till the rule of Aurangzeb of Mughal empire and it remained in ruins till India gained independence. This goes to prove that there was no religious tolerance although pseudo secular writers claim that all was well and Muslim sultans were mostly tolerant. But no one explains why this temple was repeatedly destroyed by them.
DESTRUCTION AT MATHURA
Mathura is a very pious place for Hindus and is associated with Lord Krishnas life. It is Lord Krishna’s birth place. He was born in a prison where his mother and father were imprisoned by his maternal uncle Kamsa so that he could be killed immediately after his birth. It is on the banks of Yamuna river. Many holy shrines with excellent sculpture are built there and is a renowned pilgrim center. Mahmuds Ghaznavi’s Armies attacked Mathura in 1015and vandalized the place. Beautiful sculptures were defaced and broken and they stare at us today and mock at our inability to protect them. . According to his secretary Utbi, "The Sultan gave orders that all the temples should be burnt with naptha and fire, and levelled with the ground." The pillage of the city continued for 20 days. Mahmud now turned towards Kanauj which had been the seat of several Hindu dynasties (1) Huge quantity of gold, silver and other valuables were looted by the invading thug called Ghaznavi from Kabul.
Utbi continues: "In Kanauj there were nearly ten thousand temples... Many of the inhabitants of the place fled in consequence of witnessing the fate of their deaf and dumb idols. ."
DESTRUCTION BY MOHD GHORI AND KUTUBUDDIN AIBAK
Mahmud was followed by Mohammed Ghori in 12 century.According the Taj-ul-Ma'sir of Hasan Nizami, "While the Sultan Mohammed Ghori remained at Ajmer, he destroyed the pillars and foundations of the idol temples and built in their place mosques and colleges and precepts of Islam, Mohammed Ghori also invaded and damaged temples at Khajuraho in todays Madhya Pradesh built by Chnadela Rajputs. Mohad Ghori left India after handing over the provinces to be ruled by Kutubuddin Aibek his slave General. In 1194AD his governor ( slave) Kutubuddin Aibak destroyed 27 Hindu temples at Delhi and built the Quwwat-ul-lslam mosque with their debris. This can be seen even today. The pillars and lintels are from Hindu temples According to Nizami, Aibak "adorned it with the stones and gold obtained from the temples which had been demolished by elephants".In 1194 he got 1000 temples destroyed in Varanasi. In 1196 AD he advanced against Anahilwar Patan, the capital of Gujarat. Nizami writes that after Raja Karan was defeated and forced to flee, "fifty thousand infidels were dispatched to hell by the sword" and "more than twenty thousand slaves, and cattle beyond all calculation fell into the hands of the victors".
The city was sacked, its temples demolished, and its palaces plundered. On his return to Ajmer, Aibak destroyed the Sanskrit College of Visaladeva, and laid the foundations of a mosque which came to be known as 'Adhai Din ka Jhompada'. A free-lance adventurer, Muhammad Bakhtyar Khalji, was moving further east. In 1200 AD he sacked the undefended university town of Odantpuri in Bihar and massacred the Buddhist monks in the monasteries. In 1202 AD he took Nadiya by surprise. Badauni records in his Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh that "property and booty beyond computation fell into the hands of the Muslims and Muhammad Bakhtyar having destroyed the places of worship and idol temples of the infidels founded mosques and Khanqahs".
DESTRUCTION BY SULTAN ILTAMISH
Shamsuddin Iltutmish who succeeded Kutubuddin Aibak at Delhi invaded Malwa in 1234 AD. He destroyed an ancient temple at Vidisha. Badauni reports in his 'Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh':
"Having destroyed the idol temple of Ujjain which had been built six hundred years previously, and was called Mahakal ( Jyothirlinga), he levelled it to its foundations, and threw down the image of Rai Vikramajit ( Vikramaditya) from whom the Hindus reckon their era, and brought certain images of cast molten brass and placed them on the ground in front of the doors of mosques of old Delhi, and ordered the people of trample them under foot. Yet Hinduism did not disappear and spirit of Hindus could not be erased..
DESTRUCTION BY KHILJIS
" Jalaluddin Khalji led an expedition to Ranthambhor in 1291 AD. On the way he destroyed Hindu temples at Chain. The broken idols were sent to Delhi to be spread before the gates of the Jama Masjid. His nephew Alauddin became Sultan in 1296 AD after murdering his uncle and father-in-law, Jalaluddin. In 1298 AD he equipped an expedition to Gujarat under his generals Ulugh Khan and Nusrat Khan. The invaders plundered the ports of Surat and Cambay. The temple of Somnath, which had been rebuilt by the Hindus, was plundered again and the idol taken to Delhi for being trodden upon by the Muslims. Allauddin sent his slave eunuch general Malik kafur to invade south India. He invaded south Indian kingdoms for the first times at Devagiri ( Yadavas) and Warangal ( Kakateeyas) and Dwara Samudram (Hoyasala) in Karnataka territory. He caused immense damage to the temples in South India that can be seen even today. Not a single temple has been left by his armies.
DESTRUCTION BY TUGHLAQS
He was followed by Mohd Bin Tughlaq who conquered the south Indian kingdoms and annexed the territories. Entire south India came under his control. He established an Islamic state Mabar in Madura which later became independent. It was however annexed by Vijaynagar later. All temples in south India were pillaged and damaged. Temples at Warangal and in Pandyan territory were vandalized. Similarly temples at Halebid in Dwrasamudram were vandalized., Later Firuz Shah Tughlaq led an expedition to Orissa in 1360 AD. He destroyed the temple of Jagannath at Puri, and desecrated many other Hindu shrines. According to 'Sirat-i-Firoz Shahi' which he himself wrote or dictated ( C),
"Allah who is the only true God and has no other emanation, endowed the king of Islam with the strength to destroy this ancient shrine on the eastern sea-coast and to plunge it into the sea, and after its destruction he ordered the image of Jagannath to be perforated, and disgraced it by casting it down on the ground. They dug out other idols which were worshipped by the polytheists in the kingdom of Jajnagar and overthrew them as they did the image of Jagannath, for being laid in front of the mosques along the path of the Sunnis and the way of the 'musallis' (Muslim congregation for namaz) and stretched them in front of the portals of every mosque, so that the body and sides of the images might be trampled at the time of ascent and descent, entrance and exit, by the shoes on the feet of the Muslims."
Still more horrible scenes were enacted by Firuz Shah Tughlaq at Nagarkot (Kangra) where he sacked the shrine of Jvalamukhi. Firishta records that the Sultan "broke the idols of Jvalamukhi, mixed their fragments with the flesh of cows and hung them in nose bags round the necks of Brahmins. He sent the principal idol as trophy to Medina." Muzzaffar Khan the new Governor of Gujrat became independent after the death of the Delhi Sultan and assumed the title of Muzzaffar Shah in 1392 AD. Next year he led an expedition to Somnath and sacked the temple which the Hindus had built once again. He killed many Hindus to chastise them for this "impudence," and raised a mosque on the site of the ancient temple. The Hindus, however, restarted restoring the temple soon after. In 1401 AD Muzaffar came back with a huge army. He again killed many Hindus, demolished the temple once more, and erected another mosque. These incidents reveal that Somnath temple was the prime target of Muslims as Hindus revered it most. In 1376 Feroz Shah invaded Varanasi and ordered that 100 temples be demolished and it was done promptly by the fundamnetalists.He also carried away great amount of wealth that was looted from the city.
Mahmud Khalji of Malwa (1436-69 AD) a provincial ruler also destroyed Hindu temples and built mosques on their sites. He heaped many more insults on the Hindus. Ilyas Shah of Bengal (1339-1379 AD) invaded Nepal and destroyed the temple of Svayambhunath at Kathmandu. He also invaded Orissa, demolished many temples, and plundered many places. The Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga and Bidar considered it meritorious to kill a hundred thousand Hindu men, women, and children every year. They demolished and desecrated temples all over South India.
The climax came during the invasion of Timur in 1399 AD. He starts by quoting the Quran in his Tuzk-i-Timuri: "O Prophet, make war upon the infidels and unbelievers, and treat them severely."
He continues: "My great object in invading Hindustan had been to wage a religious war against the infidel Hindus...[so that] the army of Islam might gain something by plundering the wealth and valuables of the Hindus." To start with he stormed the fort of Kator on the border of Kashmir. He ordered his soldiers "to kill all the men, to make prisoners of women and children, and to plunder and lay waste all their property". Next, he "directed towers to be built on the mountain of the skulls of those obstinate unbelievers". Soon after, he laid siege to Bhatnir defended by Rajputs. They surrendered after some fight, and were pardoned. But Islam did not bind Timur to keep his word given to the "unbelievers". His Tuzk-i-Timuri records:
"In a short space of time all the people in the fort were put to the sword, and in the course of one hour the heads of 10,000 infidels were cut off. The sword of Islam was washed in the blood of the infidels, and all the goods and effects, the treasure and the grain which for many a long year had been stored in the fort became the spoil of my soldiers. They set fire to the houses and reduced them to ashes, and they razed the buildings and the fort to the ground."
DESTRUCTION BY SAYYADS AND LODIS
They were no different and Sikandar Lodi has gone down the history as the most perverted and fundamentalist ruler. He persecuted Hindus and destroyed temples. In 1496 Sikandar lodi ordered that all temples in Varanasi be demolished and mosques be erected and this order was promptly carried out. A grand Temple of Vishnu built in Mathura was destroyed by Sikandar Lodi.(D)
DESTRUCTION BY BABER
Baber who invaded India at the behest of some of the enemies of Ibrahim Lodi the king at Delhi caused great devastation like mass killings, abductions etc. after every victory. Destruction of Ram Janmabhoomi at Ayodhya ( Near Faizabad) by his General Mir Baqi and construction of a mosque at the same place has been a burning cauldron since those days. Many wars were fought to regain it and many sacrificed their lives too.The dispute is not new. Ayodhya is the most scared center for Hindus as Lord Ram was born there and also ruled there. A court battle is going on from the days of partition from 1949 and the desperate crowds who waited for nearly 44 years managed to destroy the structure built at the site ( No prayers are offered my Muslims at the place) during the times of PV Narsimha Rao as PM. This led to many communal clashes in the country including Godhra Carnage and subsequent retaliation in Gujrat. At Hyderabad AIMIM party has been trying to spearhead the agitation against the incident and conducts annual protest. To keep the fire alive. Archeological survey of India also unearthed ample evidence that the site had an ancient Hindu temple and that it was pulled down before the construction of a mosque there. The demolition of the Babri structure, defunct as a mosque for 60 years, is much publicized as “fascist Hindu act.” But what is not said is that Hindus have been trying to recover Ram janmabhoomi from the day Mir Baqi, a noble of Mughal emperor Babar, imposed a mosque on it in 1528. This mosque was a memorial to humiliate the vanquished Hindus.
Tell-tale evidence excavated from around the disputed site speaks volumes about the Hindu connection. A stone slab of about 5’x2.25’ recovered from the debris on Dec. 6, 1992, records the construction of a magnificent gold-topped temple of Ram during the reign of emperor Govind Gahadwal (1114-1154 A.D.) by king Naya Chandra and Ayush Chandra. This certainly proves the presence of a temple that was demolished to make way for a mosque ( B) by the fundamentalist Baber and his General Bir Baqi in 1527.
DESTRUCTION BY EMPERROR AKBER
Although Emperor Akbar has been hailed as a great ruler, he was not free of blame. It has been recorded in Ain I Akbari that after the fall of Chitthor in Feb 1568, he ordered Mass killings of 30,000 Rajputs and got all temples destroyed. This aspect has been described in Part I of this article. His later reconciliation with Hindus as claimed by pseudo secularists does not absolve him of the sin he committed. He remained a fundamentalist by heart. Akbar was the monarch of India and during his time Kala Pahad general of Bengal nawabs invaded Orissa and caused very great devastation.Orissa has very grand and pious temples. The famous Jagannath temple is at Puri. Famous Sun temple is built at Konark. There are other famous temples such as Lingaraja and RajaRani temples at Bhubaneswar. Kalapahad immensely destroyed temples, broke the images and caused havoc. Probably he has done greatest damage to Konark temple that collapsed subsequently. If Emperor Akbar was a tolerant ruler as claimed by our pseudo historians, this vandalism should not have been allowed. Orissa never recovered from this vandalism and all the sculptures in these temples stand testimony to the intolerant Islamic invaders.
DESTRUCTION OF TEMPLES BY DECCANI SULTANS AT HAMPI AND
VIJAYNAGAR
The confederation armies of Deccani sultans of Bidar, Golconda, Bijapur and Ahmednagar fought a Jihad with armies of Vijaynagar. Aliya Ramaraya the defacto emperor of Vijaynagar led the armies in ripe old age and fought the Tallikota battle in 1565. The Mulsim generals Gilani brothers of Vijaynagar army switched over sides with their troops when Hindu army was about to win. Rama Raya was captured and was beheaded by Hussein Nizam shah of Ahmed nagar instantly.Victorious Muslim armies entered the cities of Hampi and vijay nagar and stated there for full 10 months and destroyed all temples, sculptures, idols and edifices. They put the temples to fire after looting the wealth. The destructions was so immense that the cities were abandoned. They never regained their lost glory although efforts were made later . Vijaynagar kings changed capitals to other places and revived the empire that lasted another 100 years. The damages caused at these vandalized cities can be seen even today and no other proof is required for the fundamentalism and hatred of Muslims towards Hindu edifices and temples. This was done while Emperor Akbar was at the helm of affairs at Delhi and probably he turned a Nelsons eye to these happenings. If Akbar was not a fundamentalist as claimed by many historians, why he made no efforts to prevent this jihad in south by Deccani sultans against an Hindu empire as these Sultans were not monarchs and word of Mughals was a dictum everywhere except with Rana Pratap singh of Mewar.
DESTRUCTION BY EMPEROR JEHANGIR AND SHAHJEHAN
Emperor Jehangir carries the blame of vandalizing the temple of pious Jwalamukhi at Kangra after the capture of Kangra fort in Nov 1620. He also ordered that a bull be slaughtered there there by sullying the sanctity of the Hindu religious place that amply proves his character.. Jehangir also put Guru Arjun dev of Sikhs to death on the pretext of abetting his son Khusro who revolted against him. Shanhjehan was unlike his father and Akbar and was orthodax and he in 1632 issued orders that all newly built temples in his empre be demolished. In Varanasi distrct 64 temple were demolished. Records are not available for other places.
DESTRUCTION BY EMPEROR AURANGZEB
No Mughal emperor has done such great damage to Hindu temples than Aurangzeb who is remembered for his anti Hindu disposition and shady character unbecoming of an emperor. His policies resulted in destruction of his empire soon after his end. He was a staunch Sunni religious bigot and wanted to run everything as per Islamic doctrine. His orders and actions for destruction of Hindu temples are well documented. He got Somnath temple, Kashi Vishwanth temple and Mathura Krishna Temple destroyed and at Mathura and Kashi mosques have been erected at the places.
1. "Mir'at-i-Alam" by Bakhtawar Khan
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707) General Order
" ...Hindu writers have been entirely excluded from holding public offices, and ALL THE WORSHIPPING PLACES OF THE INFIDELS AND GREAT TEMPLES of these infamous people HAVE BEEN THROWN DOWN AND DESTROYED in a manner which excites astonishment at the successful completion of so difficult a task. His Majesty personally teaches the sacred kalima to many infidels with success. ... All mosques in the empire are repaired at public expens
"Alamgir-Nama" by Mirza Muhammad Kazim
This work, written in AD 1688 contains a history of the first ten years of Aurangzeb's reign.
Excerpts:
Muhiyu'd-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb 'Alamgir Padshah Ghazi (1658-1707) Palamau (Bihar)
" ...In 1661 Aurangzeb in his zeal to uphold the law of Islam sent orders to his viceroy in Bihar, Daud Khan, to conquer Palamau. In the military operations that followed MANY TEMPLES WERE DESTROYED..."
Koch Bihar (Bengal)
" ...Towards the end of the same year when Mir Jumla made a war on the Raja of Kuch Bihar, the MUGHALS DESTROYED MANY TEMPLES during the course of their operations. IDOLS WERE BROKEN AND SOME TEMPLES WERE CONVERTED INTO MOSQUES. ..."
It is claimed that nearly 60000 to 80000 Hindu temples were destroyed by Aurangzeb in his life time. However some contest this claim and put the figure merely to 60 or 70. However these are the efforts by them to give a clean chit to the destroyer of temples. It is also claimed that he destroyed only newly built temples. But whenever he faced opposition from Hindus he destroyed an old temple to inculcate fear in them. Fact however remains that he destroyed temples and the truth is nakedly visible to the eyes. Aurangzeb who ordered that mosques be built at Kashi and Mathura by demolishing the age old shrines conclusively proves that he was after temples and their destruction in his false myth that Islam was the only religion that should stay and flourish and he was the god sent man to uphold Islam. Sadly he failed in his efforts. Although he destroyed temples to his utter satisfaction he could not kill spirit of Hindus and erase Hinduism. Shivaji Maharaj in Deccan and Guru Gobind Singh in Punjab put up very severe and stiff fight against Aurangzeb and succeeded in their mission. At last finally the Emperor died exhausted, broken, shattered, sick, pale and glaring at his failures. This is evident from his letter to his son written from his deathbed. Due to his crazy disposition and short sighted and ill conceived policies he laid firm foundation for destruction of his empire. Nobles who stood trembling in Mughal courts became king makers immediately after death of Bahadursha I and produced most incompetent rulers one after the other till the 1857 war.
Muslim invaders not only destroyed temples but also put to fire the Hindu Institutions of learning. Anything connected to Hindu faith was to be destroyed.
Indian Universities Destroyed by Muslims in Past
• Nalanda University - Buddhist learning Centre in India (4th AD to 12th AD)
• Vickramasila - Buddhist University, 800 A.C
• Odantapuri - Considered the second oldest of India's universities
• Somapura University, India
• Jagaddala University, India
• Vallabhi University, India
http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebdha240.htm
Colleges destroyed by Muslims
• Sanskrit College of Visaladeva in India
CONCLUSION
Muslim rule in India ensured destruction of Hindu temples, sculptures and religious and academic Institutions. Right from the days of Mohammed Ghaznavi to Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor the Indian history makes a sad reading of persecution of Hindus everywhere. There were very few exceptions at times and these were short lived. Such destructions took place not only by the Mughals, Delhi sultans , but also by the provincial rulers at various places throughout India. On the whole Islamic rulers were tolerant to Hindu temples. There could be some exceptions. By and large they destroyed Hindu edifices as it was prescribed in Islamic scriptures.
Bibliography
1. The Magnitude of Muslim atrocities, http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/moghal_atro.html
2. List of educational Institutions destroyed by Mulsims, http://wikiislam.net/wiki/List_of_Educational_Institutions_destroyed_by_Muslims
3. Temples defiled, http://www.hknet.org.nz/VWH-temples-defiled.html
4. .The Magnitude of Mulsim atrocities, http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/modern/moghal_atro.html
5. History and antiquity of Varanasi http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/concepts/kasi.asp
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6.Destruction of Hindu temples by Aurangzeb, By Raji verma. http://rajiv-varma.blogspot.in/
7.MV R Shastri, Edi Charitra,Ajo Kam vibho foundation, Hyderabad, 2003 Edition
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13.H Beveredige, Akbar nama by Abul fazal
14.VA smith, Oxford history of India
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